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The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. These people hunted, gathered wild plants and nuts, and ate corn, beans and other crops grown using irrigation canals they constructed. The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural Period, c. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River found a village site dating from 2100 BC. The Tucson area was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, who were known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago.
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The city is 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.–Mexico border. Tucson is the second most-populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA). It is the second largest city in Arizona, with a population of 542,629 in the 2020 United States Census, while the population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is 1,043,433. Tucson ( / ˈ t uː s ɑː n, t uː ˈ s ɑː n/ Spanish: Tucson, O'odham: Cuk-Ṣon) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and is home to the University of Arizona.